良好的变压器油应该是清澈而透明的，没有沉淀、机械杂质、悬浮物及棉絮状物质，颜色为淡黄色或白色。由于受污染和氧化产生的树脂和沉淀物的影响，变压器油油质劣化，颜色会逐渐变深。当变压器油有故障时，也会使油的颜色发生变化。目前，利用油的外状对变压器油及变压器的运行状况做分析判断已经成为辅助判断方式，但是，它也只是一种基本的诊断方法。
Good transformer oil should be clear and transparent, without precipitation, mechanical impurities, suspended solids and cotton flocculent substances, with light yellow or white color. Due to the influence of resin and sediment produced by pollution and oxidation, the transformer oil will deteriorate and the color will gradually become darker. When the transformer oil fails, the color of the oil will also change. At present, using the appearance of the oil to analyze and judge the transformer oil and the operation condition of the transformer has become an auxiliary judgment method, but it is only a basic diagnosis method.
变压器油的颜色可简单划分为15种。颜色由浅到深依次为白色、淡黄色、浅黄、黄色、深黄、橘黄、淡橙、橙色、深橙、橘红、浅棕、棕红、棕色、棕褐、褐色。另外，变压器油可表现为浑浊发白、油色发黑、油色发暗。一般情况下，变压器油呈棕色或褐色时，就应该引起注意或不宜再用了。变压器油浑浊发白，表明油中含有水分。油色变暗，说明变压器油绝缘老化。油色变黑，甚有焦臭味，说明变压器内部有故障，因此，通过对变压器油的外观和颜色的观察，可对变压器油的质量有一个大致的了解，并对变压器内部是否存在故障有一个初步推测，并根据推测来选择需要做那些实验项目，从而及早准确地判断变压器存在的潜伏性故障。
There are 15 colors of transformer oil. The colors from light to dark are white, light yellow, light yellow, yellow, dark yellow, orange, light orange, orange, dark orange, orange, light brown, brown, brown. In addition, the transformer oil can be white, black and dark. In general, when the transformer oil is brown or brown, it should be noticed or should not be reused. The turbid and white transformer oil indicates that there is moisture in the oil. The darkening of oil indicates that the oil insulation of transformer is aging. The oil turns black and even has a scorching smell, which indicates that there is a fault inside the transformer. Therefore, through the observation of the appearance and color of the transformer oil, we can have a general understanding of the quality of the transformer oil, and have a preliminary speculation on whether there is a fault inside the transformer, and according to the speculation, we can choose the experimental items that need to be done, So as to judge the latent fault of transformer early and accurately.
1、油样浑浊发白：其氢气含量的增高和击穿电压的降低是浑浊发白油样的两个重要特征。
1. Turbid and white oil samples: the increase of hydrogen content and the decrease of breakdown voltage are two important characteristics of turbid and white oil samples.
一般情况下，如果油样浑浊发白，可能是油中含水分造成的。客观上如果气相色谱分析发现氢气含量超标，而其它气体含量正常且变化不大时，可大致诊断为变压器内部进水受潮。同时要结合击穿电压来分析。也可加做微水分析。
In general, if the oil sample is turbid and white, it may be caused by water in the oil. Objectively, if the content of hydrogen is found to exceed the standard by gas chromatography analysis, and the content of other gases is normal and does not change much, it can be roughly diagnosed as the moisture in the transformer. At the same time, the analysis should be combined with the breakdown voltage. Micro water analysis can also be added.
油样中产生大量氢气的原因：一是水分与铁发生化学反应，二是在高电场作用下水分子的分解。水分存在造成击穿电压降低的原因是油中水分在变压器两极简沿着电场方向伸展，排成链状结构，破坏油的绝缘强度。有时候甚沿着这条链发生击穿事故。
The reasons for the large amount of hydrogen in the oil sample are as follows: one is the chemical reaction between water and iron, the other is the decomposition of water molecules under the action of high electric field. The reason for the decrease of breakdown voltage due to the existence of moisture is that the moisture in the oil extends along the electric field direction at the two poles of the transformer and forms a chain structure, which destroys the insulation strength of the oil. Sometimes there is even a breakdown along the chain.
2、油样颜色为棕色或褐色：其酸值和水溶性酸基本接近或超过国标。但是，其色谱分析没有一定的规律性。
2. The color of the oil sample is brown or Brown: its acid value and water-soluble acid are close to or exceed the national standard. However, its chromatographic analysis has no certain regularity.
一般情况下对于颜色较深的变压器油，应加强油的化学监督试验。或者不宜再用，对变压器油进行再生处理，以防事故发生。
Generally, the chemical supervision test should be strengthened for the transformer oil with dark color. Or it should not be reused, and the transformer oil should be regenerated to prevent accidents.
3、油样油色发暗：根据其气体组分含量及三比值判断，其故障类型属于正常老化现象。
3. Darkening of oil sample: according to the gas component content and three ratio, the fault type belongs to normal aging phenomenon.
分析中酸值和水溶性酸均严重超标，对于油品的老化现象的确定，一般可把油中酸值的增高作为明显征兆。
The acid value and water-soluble acid in the analysis are seriously over standard. Generally, the increase of acid value in the oil can be regarded as an obvious sign to determine the aging phenomenon of the oil.
4、油样油色发黑：其氢气和乙炔组分增高是一重要特征。变压器因炭化而变黑。导致氢气和乙炔含量明显增高。对于油品发黑的油建议不宜使用。
4. Blackening of oil sample: the increase of hydrogen and acetylene components is an important feature. The transformer is blackened by carbonization. The content of hydrogen and acetylene increased significantly. It is not recommended to use the blackened oil.
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